market. Our difference-in-difference model estimates whether the earnings difference between individuals with high and low … grades differs between central and local exams. We find that the earnings premium for a one standard-deviation increase in …

to changing environments. Using the recent international PIAAC data, we confirm such a trade-off over the life-cycle in a …

Child penalties in labour market outcomes are well-documented: after childbirth, employment and earnings of mothers … adapting the pseudo-panel approach to a single cross-section of 29 countries in the PIAAC dataset. We find a long-term drop in …

different economies. International comparisons of earnings analyses rely almost exclusively on school attainment measures of … in the United States. Analysis of the new PIAAC survey of adult skills over the full lifecycle in 22 countries shows that … the focus on early-career earnings leads to underestimating the lifetime returns to skills by about one quarter. On …

subsequent earnings. We suggest that labor-market effects may be more imminent for students leaving school directly for the labor … that central exams are indeed associated with higher earnings for students from school types directly bound for the labor … market, as well as with lower unemployment. -- central exit exams ; earnings ; unemployment ; Germany …

obtaining skill certificates increases freelancers' earnings. This effect is not driven by increased freelancer productivity but … by decreased employer uncertainty. The increase in freelancer earnings is mostly realised through an increase in the …