purposefully undermine US sanction efforts, we test whether target countries' trade with China and Russia increases under US trade … sanctions. We find no evidence for systematic sanction busting. Russia does not change its trade patterns with sanctioned …

sanctioned states and show that, on average, an additional sanction decreases contemporaneous real GDP per capita in target …

In an interconnected world, economic and political interests inevitably reach beyond national borders. Since policy …

results for joint EU-US sanctions imply a gradual increase in emigration over the course of a sanction episode. The impact of …

data for the period 1970 to 2004 are estimated to evaluate whether more similar leaders are less likely to sanction each … other. Our results indicate that higher leader similarity significantly reduces the likelihood of sanction imposition. The … effect is most pronounced for sanctions imposed through unilateral political decisions. The probability of such sanction …

literature. Starting with a broad evaluation by sanction type, we carefully investigate the case of Iran. Effects are significant … perform a counterfactual analysis which translates our partial equilibrium sanction estimates into heterogeneous but intuitive …