innovation. We use machine learning tools to develop new data describing the aspects of medical and mechanical innovations that … are emphasized in patent documents. Our analysis of historical patents yields three primary facts. First, we find that the …

Innovation is part idea generation and part development. We build a model of "innovating-by-doing," whereby ideas come … to practitioners. Successful innovation requires that practitioners' ideas be developed through costly effort. Our model ….S. Medicare program on medical equipment innovation. Our model’s structure allows us to infer the Medicare program's aggregate …

surveys empirical evidence on medical R&D incentives, R&D costs of pharmaceuticals, and the cost-effectiveness of health …

annual U.S. time-series data on life expectancy, health expenditure, and medical innovation. Reliable annual data are … available for only one type of innovation G new drugs G but pharmaceutical R&D accounts for a significant fraction of total … biomedical research. The empirical analysis provides strong support for the hypothesis that both medical innovation (in the form …

We use longitudinal, disease-level data to analyze the impact of pharmaceutical innovation on longevity and medical … expenditure in Sweden, where mean age at death increased by 1.88 years during the period 1997-2010. Pharmaceutical innovation is … the number of drugs to treat a disease, not the number of drug classes. Pharmaceutical innovation also reduced hospital …

. Domestic innovation is measured as citation-weighted domestic patents filed at the European Patent Office (EPO): to account for … to patent at the EPO. Results show that, in the short-run, IPR stimulate innovation. The effect for developing countries …This paper analyses the causal impact of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) on pharmaceutical innovation in a panel of …

We study the impact of techies-engineers and other technically trained workers-on firm-level productivity. We first … STEM-skill intensive and are associated with innovation, as well as with technology adoption, management, and diffusion …-neutral productivity in both manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries. We find that techies raise firm-level productivity, and this …

HPV vaccination rates while keeping innovation incentives. We estimate the global patent buyout price as the present … to fight the disease. However, high vaccine prices enforced through patent protection are limiting vaccine expansion …, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. By limiting market power, patent buyouts could reduce vaccine prices and raise …

Longitudinal, disease-level data are used to analyze the impact of pharmaceutical innovation on longevity (mean age at … pharmaceutical innovation increased mean age at death by 0.87 years (10.4 months) - about 44% of the total increase in longevity … pharmaceutical innovation. The baseline estimate of the cost per life-year gained from pharmaceutical innovation in Greece is $17 …

upgrading in foreign-acquired firms. We reveal substantial productivity gains within foreign-acquired firms and we show that …