Turkey triggered by EU-membership; and (iii) migration in response to the free movement of workers. Overall, the … macroeconomic implications for EU countries are small but positive. European exports increase by around 20 percent. Turkey … experiences larger economic gains than the EU: consumption per capita is estimated to rise by about 4 percent as a result of …

is robust for alternative specifications. By imposing restrictions on excise levels, EU harmonization of excises in 1987 … and the introduction of a minimum in 1992 exerted a positive impact on the excise level in a number of EU countries. It …

substantially from accession to the internal market, although some sectors in these countries will shrink. Most EU countries will …