This paper empirically explores the relationship between competition design and productive efficiency in the railway industry. We use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to construct efficiency scores, and explain these scores, using variables reflecting institutional factors and competition...

As European energy markets move towards deregulation, energy prices shift from classic ‘cost plus' prices towards market prices. Read also the accompanying <a href="http://www.cpb.nl/en/pressrelease/3213211/competition-lowers-energy-expenditures-end-users">press release</a>. We develop a model for the retail and wholesale energy markets in Europe, based on Bertrand competition in a two part...