A modern adaptation of the Ricardian model is used, which incorporates monopolistic competition and multiple factors to derive a MacDougall-type relation between a country's international competitiveness at the industry level and its productivity performance. This relation is implemented...

Purchasing power parity exchange-rate rules are often used in open economies to stabilize the demand for exports and domestic output. R. Dornbusch (1982) shows tha t such rules may increase the variability of output via the supply si de by destabilizing the price of imported intermediate goods....