The seminal papers of Vincent P. Crawford and Joel Sobel (1982) and Jerry Green and Nancy Stokey (1980) study models in which a signal about the state of the world is transmitted from a perfectly informed sender to an uninformed receiver. The authors study a model in which multiple signalers...

The author identifies circumstances in which an agent makes a costly, unobservable, irreversible investment that affects the subsequent noisy economic environment. Rivals infer that the agent is strong, even though it initially appeared weak, if enough 'strength' is seen subsequently....

This paper surveys work that uses spatial models of political competition to explain the number of candidates and the positions that they take in plurality rule elections.