This paper analyzes various equilibria associated with intervention in trade in the context of noncooperative policy games with endogenous timing. It is shown that, while the subgame perfect equilibria in quota games always involve sequential play, that is not necessarily the case in tariff...

In this paper, the authors employ a three-country, two-good, general equilibrium model to analyze bilateral quota wars. It is shown that the presence of a third country or a number of countries that trade freely leads to fundamentally different results of retaliation: bilateral quota wars need...

Numerous gravity applications have resorted to panel data econometric techniques over the past decade. However, with the theory of gravity being so far only static, these estimations lack solid structural dynamic foundations. As a consequence, a consensus on a unified dynamic gravity estimation...