Upland population levels are strongly correlated to environmental dynamics such as morphology, exposure and climate. A temperature fall leads to a shortening of the plant growth season, which can lead to lower pasture productivity and thus livestock can spend shorter periods in the mountains....

The forest is an ecosystem that can produce environmental services from which individuals benefit. In recent decades, the interest in these services has significantly increased and changed to meet new needs. The demand for wood has gradually become integrated into the demand for new products and...