Exporting and FDI have traditionally been two major firm-level responses to globalization. Export outsourcing (EO), a new strategy that gained in importance recently, has now become another alternative. This paper seeks to examine how firms choose between EO and outward FDI by looking into...

This paper extends Wan (2004) and regards the East Asian economies as success cases for catching-up in a globalized environment, where America has succeeded Britain as the leader in technology. Statistics show that over the last 60 years, West European economies, within the Western societies and...