China's trade patterns are evolving. While it started in light manufacturing and the assembly of more sophisticated products as part of global supply chains, China is now moving up the value chain, 'onshoring' the production of higher-value-added upstream products and moving into more...

Following the 2022 energy crisis, this paper investigates whether Europe's ongoing efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions can also enhance its energy security. The global computational general equilibrium model analysis finds that individual policy tools, including carbon pricing, energy...