percent. 2 And the growth of world trade during thisperiod far exceeded the expansion of world output. Growth rates of …

whole surplus, leaving the peasants immiserated. Trade was sterile in that it was state inspired, and required to meet the …

application of agency theory to long-distance trade. This analysis explores an area not accounted for in the literature on French …

This paper examines the economic organization of the trans-Saharan slave trade between the fourteenth and the …. The commercial framework of this trade was integrated into ethnic, cultural, and religious systems, yet for its efficient … limit cooperation problems. This demonstrates that the organization of the trans-Saharan slave trade was economically …

realize enhanced gains from trade also depended upon the political status of regional economies operating and interacting … (through trade in commodities, capital flows, labour migration and the diffusion of useful knowledge) within a global economy …

.Yet even as this orthodoxy seemed to become embedded in a public policy of free trade and minimal government in the 1840s …

trades, and convincing explanations of the persistence of the Indo-Central Asian trade (for example) despite the growing Indo …-European trade from the seventeenth-century. The customs-union model usefully approximates this trading-situation (i.e. the Europeans … the possibility for trade-creation (i.e. due to substitution between otherwise regionally-specialised production …