Was the collapse of world trade between 1928 and 1937 caused by higher transport costs, increased protectionism or the … equilibrium effects of bilateral distance, international borders, and the payment system on trade. My results suggest that had … average tari and non-tari trade barriers remained at their 1928 level, total international trade would have been 64.6 % higher …

We study linkages between financial development, international trade, and long-run growth using data since 1880 for … trade reinforced each other before 1930, but that these effects did not persist after the Second World War. Financial … development has positive effects on growth throughout the sample period, while trade affects growth strongly and independently …

institutions to affect growth. Institutions can directly affect growth, or it can impact on trade, which in turn affects growth …. Once we separately quantify the link from institutions to trade, and trade to growth, the independent effect of … institutions on growth is small. This suggests that part of what is often understood as trade's effect on growth can be attributed …

history analysis, we find that trade was also a pathway of diffusion. Market access served as an important instrument to … encourage a level playing field. The type of trade mattered as much as the volume. In the European core, states emulated the … labor regulation of partners because intraindustry trade was important. The New World exported less differentiated products …