Women are less financially literate than men. It is unclear whether this gap reflects a lack of knowledge or, rather, a lack of confidence. Our survey experiment shows that women tend to disproportionately respond “do not know” to questions measuring financial knowledge, but when this...

Women are less likely to correctly answer the “Big-3” financial literacy questions, and a substantial share of the gap reflects women’s lower confidence. In our experiment, women are more likely to choose “do not know” or refuse to answer financial literacy questions. If these options...