analyze the reporting behavior and the degree of transparency across the reports. We observe a large heterogeneity with …

The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of 2018 introduced stringent transparency rules compelling firms to … disclose, in accessible language, details of their data collection, processing, and use. The specifics of the disclosure … firms. We use text-as-data techniques to construct measures of disclosure and readability and show that firms increased the …

This paper analyzes how newly introduced transparency requirements for short positions affect investors' behavior and … regulatory disclosure threshold, we offer several novel insights. Positions accumulate just below the threshold, indicating that … that the transparency measures effectively represent a short-sale constraint for secretive investors, which results in …

involve two substitutable dimensions-the fee structure and the disclosure rule-and adaptations in the disclosure dimension can … mitigate restrictions on the fee dimension. While restrictions on fee structures do affect market transparency, it has no …

certification schemes involve two substitutable dimensions-the fee structure and the disclosure rule. In the context of a canonical …) distributions of rents; adjustments in the disclosure dimension can fully mitigate restrictions in the fee dimension, but these … changes do affect market transparency. …