We repeatedly elicit beliefs about the returns to study effort in a panel survey of students of a large university …

Though the use of tracking policies to stratify students is commonplace, evi- dence concerning the effects of ability …-based tracking on student performance is mixed. Using rich data from the Hungarian secondary school centralized assignment mechanism …

points, which is less than the 3.2-percentage point drop in enrolment, indicating many deterred students would not have … in systems with high dropout rates and "ghost students"-students enrolling primarily for non-educational benefits. …

To reduce cheating in written tests and exams, assessors often randomly vary the order of questions across students … randomizing students to start with an easier or harder question makes a difference to overall assessment performance in … econometrics and statistics courses at two of Germany's largest universities, we find no evidence that the difficulty of the first …

students are less likely to apply and be admitted to elite universities than male students. Leveraging linked administrative … and survey data on students' application choices, preferences, and beliefs, we show that this gap is largely explained by … personal preferences, female students perceive stronger parental pressure to remain close to home and choose education …