relies on a new panel data set based on digitized census records from Belgium, France, the UK, and Germany that allows …

This paper shows that 19th-century industrialization is an important determinant of the significant changes in Germany … Germany, we establish that nearly half of them experienced a reversal of fortune between 1926 and 2019, i.e., they moved from … the lower to the upper median of the income distribution or vice versa. Economic decline is concentrated in North Germany …

concerning NTBFs in Germany. The issues covered include the incidence of start-ups firms in Germany's technology …, adoption and diffusion of technology. The public support and policy initiatives for new technology-based firms in Germany are …

actually favors stabilization. In an empirical analysis for Germany, the paper adds support for the finding of significant … regional stabilization by fiscal flows. The results indicate that about 17 % of GDP variation across West Germany's states has … been removed by fiscal flows during the last two decades. Thus, in Germany where the fiscal federalism is criticised for …