EU Eastern Enlargement elicited a rise in (temporary) labour market oriented immi-gration to Germany starting in May …

We study the labor demand effect of immigration on local labor markets by exploiting the fact that refugees in Germany … are banned from working in the first few months after arrival. This natural experiment allows isolating a pure immigration … demand effects complements the literature that isolates labor supply shocks from immigration, so as to gain a more …

. We find that the long-run costs and benefits for domestic agents depend critically on the skill levels migrants will … obtain in the long run. A failure to integrate the about 800,000 migrants (equivalent to 1% of initial German population …