We develop a general framework for measuring biases in expectation formation. The method is based on the insight that biases can be inferred from the response of forecast errors to past news. Empirically, biases are measured by flexibly estimating the impulse response function of forecast...

This paper experimentally investigates investment behavior.We find that global risk – i.e. risk independent of an agent’sinvestment decision (like political risk) – substantiallydecreases investment. Also effort to obtain the capital usedfor investment decreases investment substantially....