The literature suggests that competition among schools might increase quality. However, not much empirical evidence is … present as only a few countries allow competition at a large scale. One exception is the Netherlands. Free parental choice is … Netherlands we show that there is a relation between competition and student achievement in upper secondary education, but that it …

Ample evidence is available for the effect of competition on educational quality as only a few countries allow large … scale competition. In the Netherlands free parental choice is present since the beginning of the 20th century, which can be … between competition and educational outcomes in secondary education, but that it is negative and small. This effect is larger …