took place and trace back the development of wage labor within agriculture, industry and service sector. In particular, the …-industrial time the social organization of work occurred in various forms and that wage labor was rather a rare phenomenon in the … beginning of the 19th century. Hence, a widespread and functioning labor market cannot be identified at that time. Rudimentary …

We use the elements of a macroeconomic production function - physical capital, human capital, labor, and technology … development. It affects human capital through both religious and secular education. It affects population and labor by influencing …

reallocate labor across activities less in response to intra-seasonal crop price changes than do non-smallholders. A … counterfactual exercise indicates smallholders could increase revenue by almost nine percent if they were to reallocate labor …

gender-differentiated labor impacts of droughts resulting from lower precipitation using unique individual-level panel data … highlight the gendered impact of climate change, potentially exacerbating extant gender gaps in the labor market. …

-plant heterogeneity points to a local labor supply channel where particularly plants utilizing low-wage, female, blue-collar workers are … impacted. Consistent with a blue-collar labor supply shock, the results show a positive impact on average blue-collar wages and …

, with large changes in productivity being common. The negative effects of pollution are larger in areas growing more labor …-intensive crops, indicating that the pollution works at least partly through direct effects on labor productivity. Finally, combining …