(agriculture). Our focus is mainly on the costs associated with congestion and pollution as well the impact of under-priced energy … indicative estimates of the external costs of energy subsidies, as manifested in congestion and pollution. Our estimates using …

Congestion Charge's disincentivising of sedentary travel modes via increasing the cost of private car use within Central London … individuals living inside the charging zone are eligible for a 90% reduction in congestion charges. Geographical location …

implementation appeals to the pressing need to reduce traffic congestion and pollution. Their effectiveness however, remains … traffic congestion of Lima's Pico y Placa driving restriction policy introduced in 2019. We find small improvements in traffic … congestion for the policy's directly targeted areas. However, those improvements are offset by time and spatial spillovers in the …

necessary. -- Commuting cost ; congestion tax ; labour supply …