In response to strong revenue and income losses that a large share of the self-employed faced during the COVID-19 pandemic, the German federal government introduced a €50bn emergency aid program. Based on real-time online-survey data comprising more than 20,000 observations, we analyze the...

Enacted March 27, 2020, the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) was the most ambitious and creative fiscal policy response to the Pandemic Recession in the United States. PPP offers forgivable loans - essentially grants - to businesses with 500 or fewer employees that meet certain requirements. In...

We analyze the JobKeeper lump-sum wage subsidy introduced by the Australian government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, paying particular attention to the role of temporary layoffs in saving jobs. Although temporary layoffs were widely used, we find that recalls of workers on temporary...

Nach der Umstellung der geräteabhängigen Rundfunkgebühren zu einem Rundfunkbeitrag pro Wohnung ist die Beitragsbefreiung der Mindestsicherungsempfänger geblieben. Hierdurch entstehen Grenzfälle, die mit negativen Anreizen verbunden sind. Die Autoren fordern daher, dass der Rundfunkbeitrag...