experiment (the effect of boy-boy or girl-girl as the first two children on incremental fertility and mothers' labor force … investigate where to locate experiments and the decision problem associated with extrapolating from existing evidence rather than … running a new experiment at a target site. …

-response may bias estimates. Linking Dutch survey data to administrative income data allows us to examine whether selective … responses bias the estimated relationship between parental income and children's mathematics and language test scores in grades … because they may be biased by selective non-response. The direction of such bias is difficult to predict a priori. Bias due to …

-cycle bias if the snapshots cannot mimic lifetime outcomes. Using uniquely long series of Swedish income data, we show that … current empirical strategies do not eliminate such bias. We focus on the widely adopted generalized errors-in-variables model … and find that the remaining bias is substantial (20% of the true elasticity from left-side measurement error at the most …