euro area spreads, including those for Austria, Finland and the Netherlands. Country-specific credit ratings have played a … key role in the developments of the spreads for Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain. Finally, the rating downgrade in … Greece has contributed to developments in spreads of countries with weaker fiscal fundamentals: Ireland, Portugal, Italy …

trends. It finds that, all sample countries except Germany applied expansionary expenditure policies. This resulted in much …

standardised to be used in multi-country studies. Here, it is applied to Belgium, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and … countries except Finland. In Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands, both revenue and expenditure contributed to the deterioration … of the structural primary balance. In Germany the large deterioration in revenue was partially offset by the decline in …

focus on Finland. We use quarterly data from 1980Q1 to 2013Q2, in order to create a large number of macro …

This paper attempts to model the nominal and real exchange rate for Ireland, relative to Germany and the UK from 1975 … exchange rates are effectively modelled, and in the case of Ireland and Germany, Ppp is found to be valid not only in the long …

-sectional distribution of individual wage changes observed in the data. We look at five countries (the US, Germany, Portugal, Belgium and … Finland). The calibrated heterogeneous agent models are then solved for different steady state rates of inflation to derive …

Canada, France, Germany and the Netherlands, the results of the simulations show that both optimal policies are well suited … to understand the high shares of low-value cash payments in Canada, France and Germany. Yet, they do not perform as well … in the case of the Netherlands, overestimating the share of low-value cash payments. We discuss how the differences in …