This paper merges a cost-based model of union bargaining power, in which bargaining power reflects relative costs of agreement and disagreement facing unions and management, with an efficiency-wage model, in which effort per hour responds positively to the real wage. Union bargaining alters the...

This paper investigates bilateral market power in labor markets by merging an effort or labor discipline model with a turnover cost model. The effort model indicates unilateral employer power over workers; adding costly turnover allows for bilateral power in employment relationships. Systematic...