One of the key factors behind global trade growth in recent decades is increase in intermediate input as a result of the development of vertical production networks (Feensta, 1998). Manufacturing goods are no longer produced in a single country. Production processes are subdivided into several...

One of the key factors behind global trade growth in recent decades is increase in intermediate input as a result of the development of vertical production networks (Feensta, 1998). Manufacturing goods are no longer produced in a single country. Production processes are subdivided into several...

Since the latter half of 1990s, a possibility has been suggested that many developing countries are going to face serious population aging problem while these economies are still underdeveloped and their preparations are insufficient. As the global interdependence of national economies has been...