We analyze the relationship between economic development and energy consumption in the context of greenhouse gas mitigation. The main contribution of this work is to compare estimates of energy thresholds in the form of minimum energy requirements to reach high levels of development with output...

The EU ETS has been criticised for threatening the competitiveness of European industry and generating carbon leakage, i.e. increasing foreign greenhouse gas emissions. Two main options have been put forward to tackle these concerns: border adjustments and output-based allocation, i.e....

Emission inequality across countries and the contribution of the energy mix and the sectoral composition of a country's energy use are of central importance to the climate debate. We analyze the evolution of inequality in global CO2 per-capita emissions using both historical data on...