Automation technologies, including within the same family, are fundamentally heterogeneous in their design and the tasks they can execute. While the number of sectors that are exposed to most digital automation technologies is still relatively limited, it is expanding. Data-intensive...

Employment adjustments to automation vary across industries, regions, technologies, and time. Technological penetration of robots is related to higher employment within the industry in low-tech regions in the short run. Robots are negatively correlated to employment in knowledge-intensive...