Predicting long-run growth effects of decarbonization is subject to high uncertainty. Awareness of limitations of growth forecasts should be raised. Scientific communication should aim at forecasts being misused in the political debate. Comparative analysis of growth effects can have value for...

Only by decarbonizing its economy and reducing energy and raw-material dependencies can the EU safeguard its competitiveness in the global markets. Postponing policies to decarbonize the energy system will increase long-run welfare losses. Decarbonization offers great potential for improving...

Estimates of climate impacts and of the potential to reduce these impacts through adaptation show the scale of benefits that can arise from investing in climate protection and climate adaptation in the EU. Assessments also show that the benefits of adaptation measures often exceed their costs,...