The EU faces the challenge to combine large and sustained investments to promote the transition towards a green, digital, and competitive Europe while maintaining fiscal sustainability. Based on a comprehensive literature review on the effects of fiscal rules and investment clauses on public...

Recent events and rising geopolitical tensions have raised concerns about the external dependence and vulnerability of Europe's economy. Decision-makers need to rethink the playing field of geoeconomics and should be prepared for different trade policy scenarios that may arise from new...

Europe has to respond to a new and more contested security order. Russia's imperial ambitions threaten stability and peace, while the United States demands from the European NATO countries to contribute more to their own security. To improve defence capabilities, Europe has to increase defence...