Brian Goff, William Shughart, and Robert Tollison (1997) argue that the sharp increase in the number of hit batsmen after the adoption of the designated hitter rule is due to moral hazard. The author argues instead that simple changes in the composition of batters faced explains much of the...

This paper attempts to discriminate between deterrence, incapacitation, and measurement error as explanations for the negative empirical relationship between arrest rates and crime. Measurement error cannot explain the observed patterns in the data. Incapacitation suggests that an increase in...