This paper applies a two-step Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to re-examine the causality between defense burden (MB) and real GDP (RY) for 137 countries. The findings indicate that a short-run causality running from MB to RY is found in lower-middle- and high-income countries and that from...

The purpose of this paper is to re-investigate issues in purchasing power parity (PPP) convergence using a threshold vector error-correction model with deutschmark-based exchange rates. We find that the half-life of real exchange rates is less than two and a half years, that PPP convergence is...

This paper investigates the effects of politics on the performances of financial institutions in Taiwan over the period from 1994 through 2009 using the two-stage generalized method of moments approach. We argue that politics and financial institutions are related and this relationship varies...