This paper aims at analyzing labor productivity per hour worked in the manufacturing industries of four industrialized countries, Germany, France, Italy and the U.S., between 1950 and 2010. It uses the common trends - common cycles approach to decompose series into trends and cycles. We find...

We address theoretically and empirically the impact of R&D and innovation activity (IA) on the use of external numerical flexibility (ENF). We build a firm-sided model showing that a first-order stochastic dominance shift in the productivity distribution function decreases the probability of...