The male labor force was hit harder during the recent recession because more jobs were lost in occupations and sectors that traditionally employ more men.

With more research and given the limits of conventional fiscal and monetary policies in addressing the consequences of jobless recoveries, a U.S. version of Kurzarbeit may provide another option in the policymaker’s toolkit.

While bank lending contracts during the typical recession, liquidity in bond markets may not.

FDI flows from overseas parent companies contracted, but intracompany debt and reinvested earnings were affected much more than equity FDI.>

The residential real estate market showed additional signs of improvement in 2012, though the recovery has been quite different for single-family compared with multifamily markets.

Forward guidance consists of communicating to the public the stance of monetary policy that is expected to prevail in the future.

The Federal Reserve is just one of several central banks that have adopted forward guidance since the beginning of the financial crisis and in an environment of near-zero policy rates (zero lower bound).

Under this latter scenario, the Fed is not monetizing government debt — it is simply managing the supply of the monetary base in accordance with the goals set by its dual mandate.

The European debt crisis could certainly affect the U.S. economy through other channels…but its direct impact on U.S. exports is likely to be small.>

Consistent with national data, foreign sales of affiliates of U.S. multinational firms headquartered in the Eight Federal Reserve District are larger for Europe and the Asia Pacific region—not Mexico and Canada, the major U.S. trading partners.