Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to appraise the transition from bank-based systems to universal banking. Design/methodology/approach – The Wynne Godley and Francis Cripps macroeconomic framework is used to structure the argument. Findings – It is shown that the activity of...

We model the interaction between capitalists and entrepreneurs as a dynamic game. The open-loop Nash equilibrium and the closed-loop Nash equilibrium are distinguished. The purpose is to answer some questions that have arisen in the development of profit-led versus wage-led growth models. We...