This paper employs a panel econometric model, and takes the horizontal and vertical FDI approach into account in the same empirical specification to scrutinize the determinants of FDI outflows from the selected EU countries at the industry level. We show that both cost related factors and...

This note discusses the influence of state ownership on optimal export taxes. We demonstrate an invariance theorem: the degree of state ownership affects neither the level of socially optimal export levels nor welfare nor the level of optimal trade taxes.

This note discusses the influence of state ownership on optimal export taxes. We demonstrate an invariance theorem: the degree of state ownership affects neither the level of socially optimal export levels nor welfare nor the level of optimal trade taxes.