Company financial reports are likely to be systematically biased. In this paper, we extend the Duffie and Lando (2001) model with a skewness correction which can account for both random and directional components of reporting noise.

The mean reversion of real exchange rates in G5 countries depends on both countries’ fiscal deficits/surplus in a nonlinear way. When the fiscal policy pushes the real exchange rate to be deviated further away from the equilibrium level, the mean reversion process is faster.