We revisit the effect of trade openness on environmental quality by utilizing data on the air visibility of 134 countries during 1961–2004. We find a significantly negative impact of trade openness on air quality, not only for developing economies, but also for developed ones. This finding is...

Using panel data, we demonstrate a 50% increase in research productivity following a dramatic increase in the piece rate paid for articles by a major Chinese University. The increased productivity comes exclusively from those who were already research active.