In autumn 2008, euro area governments announced comprehensive rescue packages for banks. This induced decreasing bank and increasing government credit spreads. Moreover, the sensitivity of perceived sovereign credit quality to further crisis aggravations increased, and vice versa for banks.

This paper examines the degree of fragmentation in the Euro overnight unsecured money market during the period June 2008–August 2013 using interbank loans constructed from payments data. After controlling for cross-country differences in bank risk, we document several episodes of significant...

We show that financial development has a non-monotonic effect on growth in the Rajan and Zingales (1998) and Fisman and Love (2007) sample. Beyond a threshold, financially dependent industries and industries facing good growth opportunities grow disproportionately more slowly.