agreement, our equality of opportunity principle takes account of structural disadvantages to growth rather than quality of past …

This paper is dedicated to a theoretical and empirical survey of the relationship between trade, growth, poverty and … empirical studies on the impact of openness (as measured by the protection rate) on growth are not robust. Some studies have … therefore estimated the direct impact of trade on income or income growth. But this raises the problem of endogeneity of trade …

economic growth (i.e. that aid is more effective in countries which are more vulnerable to external shocks). Recently an … may involve some volatility in aid flows, which then is not necessarily negative for growth. In this paper the authors … to which aid can respond, they consider the effect of aid on income volatility and again find that aid is making growth …