This paper introduces service innovation in the proximity-concentration trade-off model of trade and foreign direct investments (FDI) [Helpman, E., M. Melitz, and S. R. Yeaple 2004. "Export Versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms." <italic>American Economic Review</italic> 94 (1): 300--316]. The idea is that...

The paper investigates the effects of industry-level competition on firm-level innovation and productivity. We propose a refined version of the CDM (Crepon, Duguet, and Mairesse) model that analyses the impacts of competition on four interrelated stages of the innovation process: the choice of a...