Increasing demand for energy requires large-scale construction of power plants and adequate growth of the transmission network. Currently, several high-voltage transmission subsystems (110, 220, 400, 500, and 750 kV) coexist in the same network. We investigate the mechanism of substitution of...

The citizens of Poland, Eastern Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Romania inhabit perhaps the most polluted environments in the world, largely because of their countries' inefficient use of energy. Energy use is two to three times greater per unit of economic output than in Western Europe....