By using output distance functions, this paper decomposes energy productivity change into several components: effects of the changes in the ratios of non-energy inputs to energy, energy supply composition, and output composition; technical efficiency change; technological change. We apply this...

This paper explores the importance of differential output growth across regions within a country in reducing the country's total carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. It proposes a framework that decomposes changes in emissions into sources attributable to 1) national...