The solar–thermal refrigeration systems, covering the solar absorption refrigeration system (SAbRS) and the solar adsorption refrigeration system (SAdRS), were designed for typical office in the subtropical Hong Kong. The approach of simulation–optimization was adopted in order to determine...

Parameter identification of PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell model is a very active area of research. Generally, it can be treated as a numerical optimization problem with complex nonlinear and multi-variable features. DE (differential evolution), which has been successfully used in...

This paper develops a differential-evolution-based solution for the problem of proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack modeling. The problem is analytically intractable and computationally hard. The present paper produces results that outperform state-of-the-art approaches on three performance...