The performance of a thermoelectric device used as a heat pump or refrigerator is mainly affected by the Peltier, Fourier, Joule and Thomson effects. The differential equations governing the temperature field inside the device operated between two heat reservoirs are established by using...

The Chinese iron and steel industry of 1987 is described in terms of energy consumption and production statistics and compared with the U.S. industry to clarify the major differences. The Chinese industry includes many plants which are extremely small by U.S. standards and use antiquated...

This paper is based on dynamic optimization methodology to investigate the economic energy efficiency issues in developing countries. The paper introduces some definitions about energy efficiency both in economics and physics, and establishes a quantitative way for measuring the economic energy...

Short-term hydrothermal generation scheduling aims at determining optimal hydro and thermal generations to achieve minimum fuel cost of thermal plants for a 1 day or a 1 week while meeting various hydraulic and electric system constraints. The problem is viewed as a complex and nonlinear hard...

This paper develops a simulated annealing based multi-objective cultural differential evolution (SA-MOCDE) for solving daily hydrothermal operation scheduling with economic emission (SHOSEE) while considering water transport delay and transmission loss of system load, and it is formulated for...