Conclusions in empirical studies of commuting and urban spatial structure depend on the selection of measures for the job – housing relationship. In order to help to develop urban growth strategies based on coherent empirical results, this paper presents a ‘commuting spectrum’ approach...

It has been widely reported that individual travel has significant implications for obesity. In this research we try to clarify the connection between travel and obesity from an individual energy-expenditure perspective. It is hypothesized here that individual travel affects the likelihood of...