A factor common to all adaptation measures is the uncertainty that is the hallmark of climate change. The timing, intensity and location of climate change impacts is not known to any degree of precision. Because most deterministic analyses and policy prescriptions ignore this uncertainty, their...

Increasing attention is being given to adaptation of natural and human systems to climate change. The academic literature covers a wide spectrum of perspectives. Policy considerations, on the other hand, are driven largely by techno-scientific considerations, including in particular a...