This paper analyzes and compares behaviors of regulators and polluting firms in emission tax systems with and without commitment to monitoring. In the commitment case, firms can be compliant or non-compliant at equilibria. Firms’ compliance implies that regulators will face the paradox of ex...

This article analyzes and compares behaviors of a regulator and polluting firms in tradeable permit systems with and without commitment to auditing. If all firms are compliant, the equilibria under both of the schemes are the same. In contrast, if noncompliant firms exist, the equilibria under...

This article analyzes regulator and polluting firm behavior in an emission tax system with imperfect monitoring, and contrasts the associated results with those under perfect monitoring. It is found that the firm’s optimal emissions may depend on either monitoring probability or emission tax...

This paper analyzes governments’ strategic regulations in an imperfectly competitive market of international emissions trading (IET). Whether and how governments intervene in IET is explored. If regulations are decided, it is optimal for price-influencing countries to subsidize but for...