During fiscal year 1997 the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport of Japan introduced a system for evaluating road investment projects that considers reduction of road accidents as well as savings in time and running costs. However, the unit cost to calculate the benefit of reducing...

This paper presents the multilevel model approach to analyzing contingent valuation surveys of individuals’ willingness to pay for reductions in the level of air pollution. It is likely that individuals living in the same area are exposed to the same level of air pollution, and accordingly...